Description Porcupines are the second largest rodent in South Dakota. Their common name is from the French words, porc espin , meaning thorny hog, which refers to the animal's famous quills. The scientific name, Erethizon means "arouse" in Greek, and is a reference to the species' reputation for being irritable. Dorsatum is Latin for back. The Lakota word for porcupine, "pahin, " also means quill.  These heavyset animals weigh about 15 pounds (7 kg), the size of a very large house cat. Large males can weigh up to 30 pounds (13.6 kg). Their total length ranges from 25.5 to 36.5 inches (64.8-93.0 cm) with a 6 to 11 inch (15-28 cm) tail. They have four toes on their front feet, five toes on their hind feet, and strong, curved claws.

Distribution  Porcupines are found throughout South Dakota wherever there is adequate habitat . Although primarily animals of coniferous forests, porcupines can also be found in wooded areas along streams throughout the state.

Natural History

These shy, solitary animals have a slow-moving, waddling walk. At dusk they wake up and browse for food. At dawn they
will find a tree to sleep in or a den in a hollow log or among rocks; they do not build a nest. During severe winter weather
they might den up with other porcupines, otherwise they are solitary except for mother and baby. Porcupines have a home
range of about 25 to 35 acres.

Porcupines have many adaptations to their way of life. They have strong, curved claws for climbing the trees they feed on
and sometimes sleep in. They also have rough, pebbly soles on their feet to grip tree trunks and branches. The muscular tail
is used for balancing in trees. Like all rodents, a porcupine's incisor teeth continuously grow and are kept sharp by
continuous wear against each other. A porcupine's eyesight is poor but it has a keen sense of smell and hearing.

Porcupines are nocturnal herbivores, which means that they eat plants during the night. Their diet varies with location and
the season of the year. In the spring and summer porcupines eat buds, flowers, leaves and small twigs. Porcupines do not
hibernate in the winter. In winter the inner bark, or cambium, of trees forms the main part of their diet. They chew through the
outer bark of trees to get to the edible cambium . Coniferous trees are preferred, but deciduous trees will be eaten.
Porcupines have an interesting adaptation for eating wood. The cell walls of wood are composed of cellulose , which most
animals cannot digest. Bacteria, which can digest cellulose, live in a pouch in the porcupine's large intestine and breakdown
the cellulose . The porcupine then digests and absorbs both the cellulose by-products and some of the bacteria. Porcupines
eat as much as one pound of plant material per day. As a result of their diet, porcupines smell strongly of old sawdust.

Breeding occurs in November or December. After about 7 months a single baby is born. At birth the baby porcupine has soft
quills, but they harden quickly once exposed to air. [In order to protect the mother, the baby is born head-first within the
placental bag.] The newborn is well-developed with eyes open. Within two weeks the baby will begin eating vegetation. In
the wild, porcupines live as long as 10 years while captive porcupines have lived as long as 20 years.

Due to their protective quills, porcupines have few predators. Porcupines do not throw their quills, although the quills of a
frightened porcupine are more easily detached. When challenged, they simply put their heads down and turn their rumps
toward their attackers. They may slap attackers with their tails. Through experience most animals have learned to avoid
porcupines. Coyotes, bobcats and mountain lions are their only South Dakota predators. Other causes of porcupine death are
getting hit by cars and falling out of trees.

Significance

The Lakota people use porcupine quills as hair accessories and for decorating leather, traditional clothing, and jewelry. The
quills are dyed, flattened with the teeth, and braided, plaited or sewn. There are several books and videos about this ancient
and beautiful craft. Tribal colleges occasionally offer courses in quill work.

Many people consider porcupines to be a nuisance because of the damage they cause to trees and wooden structures. During
the winter, porcupines can damage trees by chewing through the bark. Most of the time this does not kill the tree, although it
might affect its appearance. If the porcupine population is high enough, there can be damage to a forest. In addition to plant
material, porcupines crave salt and are attracted to objects that have salty human sweat on them, such as ax handles, boat
oars, etc. They have been known to chew on tools that have been left outside and on parts of cars that were parked outdoors.
In 1997, Rod and Gun Campground and Timon Campground in the Black Hills had to be closed during the summer because
porcupines were chewing through cars' brake lines and radiator hoses.

Dogs that bite porcupines can be injured from the barbed quills that lodge tightly in the tender skin of the mouth and nose
and, if not removed, may work deep into the flesh and cause permanent damage. If the quill ends are cut, they are sometimes
easier to remove. Quills are best removed with pliers, twisting the quill slightly as it is drawn out.

Management Considerations

Currently there are no state or federal regulations concerning the taking of porcupines. With a basic hunting license it is legal
to kill any number of these animals throughout the year. There is no commercial value to porcupine fur or meat, although as
mentioned above, uses have been found for porcupine quills.

Glossary

Cambium - the thin green layer just beneath the bark that produces new growth of wood and bark.
Cellulose - the main constituent in the cell wall of plants.
Coniferous - trees or shrubs with needle-shaped leaves and cones that are chiefly evergreen.
Deciduous - plants that lose their leaves in the fall.
Habitat - the area or type of environment in which an animal normally lives.
Herbivores - animals that eat plants.
Home range - an area in which the animal lives, but does not defend. Therefore, this space is shared with other individuals of the same species.
Nocturnal - animals that are awake during the night and sleep during the day.

Clark, T.W., 1987. Mammals in Wyoming. Lawrence: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas.
Dingwall, Laima, 1986. Nature's Children: Porcupines. Grolier, Danbury, CT.
Jones, Jr., J. Knox, et al., 1985. Guide to Mammals of the Plains States. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.

_______, 1983. Mammals of the Northern Great Plains. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Whitaker, Jr., John O., 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. New York: Knopf.

Carrick, Carol, Ben and the Porcupine. New York: Clarion, 1981.
Dingwall, Laima, Nature's Children: Porcupines. Danbury: Grolier, 1986.

Written by:
Donna Graham, Rapid City, SD 57701. 1997.

Illustrated by:
Kathy Colavitti, independent artist, Green Bay, WI.

Reviewed by:
Doug Backlund, Resource Biologist, S.D. Dept. of Game, Fish, and Parks, Pierre, SD.

Publication of the Porcupine fact sheet was funded by the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Division of
Wildlife, Pierre, SD.